寒地玉米多级顺流干燥工艺参数优化

为解决目前北方寒地玉米干燥加工中存在的干燥效率低、设备能耗大和干制品品质差等问题,利用自行设计的多级顺流式谷物干燥试验台,对北方寒地玉米多级顺流干燥特性和干燥加工工艺参数进行了研究。通过二次通用旋转组合试验设计方法,探讨热风温度、热风风速、干燥时间对设备单位能耗和干后玉米品质的影响,建立了相应的数学模型。将多目标综合优化,确定了干燥工艺的最优参数:热风温度103℃、热风风速1.5m/s、干燥时间100min。在此工艺参数条件下,有效地提高了干燥效率,降低了设备单位能耗及玉米干燥过程中营养成分的损失,达到了玉米保质干燥的目的。该研究旨在为北方寒地玉米干燥工业提供了理论基础。     

自然冷资源低温储藏仓设计与稻谷储藏试验

为解决稻谷在高温干燥和储藏过程中品质损失问题,设计了自然冷资源低温储藏仓,利用冬季环境下形成的自然冰为高含水率稻谷制冷,以减少高温干燥稻谷工序并减少储藏期间稻谷的品质劣变。试验检测自然冷资源低温储藏仓内稻谷的储藏品质与加工品的变化,并与传统常温仓做对比,结果表明:所设计的自然冷资源低温储藏仓供冷均匀、能耗低、无污染,其制冷系统的能效比为3.54;初始含水率为16.5%的高含水率稻谷在自然冷资源低温储藏仓中能安全储藏5个月,平均含水率呈缓慢下降趋势,最终达到(15.1±0.5)%;自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷粮温稳定,平均粮温为9.8℃;储藏期结束后,稻谷脂肪酸质量比为18.3 mg/(100 g),发芽率为86.75%,霉菌总数为5.1×104CFU/g,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的出糙率和整精米率比常温储藏的稻谷分别提高了5.41个百分点和9.57个百分点,裂纹率比常温仓的稻谷降低了13.88个百分点,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的储藏品质和加工品质显著优于常温仓中稻谷。     

几种苹果矮化砧木的抗寒性研究

以71-3-150、GM256、SH6及M9 4种苹果(Malus)矮化砧木的1年生枝条为试材,进行-20℃、-25℃、-30℃、-35℃、-40℃低温处理,用电导法配合Logistic方程,求得拐点温度(LT50)即半致死温度,并对其电导率、可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活性等指标进行了测定比较。结果表明:测得的电解质渗出率呈典型的S型曲线,与相应的低温呈极显著负相关;71-3-150、GM256、SH6及M9的半致死温度分别为-40.63℃、-39.29℃、-34.10℃、-30.10℃;抗寒性强的71-3-150和GM256能保持较高的可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活性。     

基于分段波形的信号瞬时频率计算方法

针对局部均值分解（Local Mean Decomposition，LMD）中乘积函数（Product Function，PF）分量的瞬时频率计算问题，引入了一种新的信号瞬时频率计算方法.该方法基于分段波形，先将信号分成若干个全波段（full wave），然后以一组递增的反正弦函数定义每个全波段的瞬时相位，进而得到信号的瞬时频率.由该方法得到的瞬时频率理论上是正的、稳定的并且能够确保信号局部特征信息的完整.应用该方法计算了仿真信号和实际齿轮故障振动信号的瞬时频率，并与其他方法求得的瞬时频率进行了对比.结果表明，本文方法非常适合求取信号的瞬时频率.     

北海道黄杨叶片应答低温胁迫的蛋白质组分析

 采用双向电泳的蛋白质组学方法分析了北海道黄杨叶片蛋白质对低温胁迫的应答反应。北海道黄杨植株在室外种植，从2008年10月—2009年2月每月提取叶片总蛋白。在考马斯亮蓝染色的2-DE胶上发现36个表达量显著差异蛋白点，其中通过质谱鉴定出19个蛋白质，包括已知的和新鉴定的低温胁迫相关蛋白质。这些鉴定出的蛋白质涉及多个生理过程，如能量与代谢、调控、防御应答等，同时这些蛋白质的表达模式与生理生化变化模式相一致。     

寒地水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果汇总

对2007～2010年水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果进行汇总,结果表明:在一定的氮肥施用量范围内随着施氮量的增加水稻产量、单株分蘖率、穗粒数、稻米垩白率、蛋白质含量均呈增加趋势;千粒重、食味值随着氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势.不同年际氮肥的最佳施用量受气象条件影响明显.     

青海省寒潮天气过程中的气温变化影响因素分析

利用常规气象观测资料,分析了2011年3月13—14日青海省一次大范围的寒潮天气过程的成因,并在此基础上根据局地温度方程,定量分析了过程中影响温度变化的主要因子和各自的贡献,结论如下:(1)此次过程是青海省一次典型的横槽转竖型寒潮天气,并且自西向东爆发。过程前期形成典型的寒潮中期倒大“Ω”流型。上游有强冷平流输送,500 hPa冷中心-44℃,700 hPa冷中心-28℃。青海上空西北风风速26 m/s,300 hPa高空西风急流入口区的横向非地转正次级环流也利于地面降温。(2)地面蒙古冷高压中心1060 hPa,影响青海的冷高压达1050 hPa。过程中青海西部的24 h最大正变压18 hPa,24 h负变温最大为-18℃,最低气温平均下降10~13℃,格尔木站下降幅度最大,达到16℃。东部的24 h最大正变压18 hPa,24 h时负变温最大-11℃,最低气温平均下降6~8℃,河南站下降幅度最大,达到16℃。同时东部和西部的地面风速在13日、14日白天都增大,并以偏西风为主。(3)此次过程中的温度变化主要由温度平流项和对流变化项决定,且这2项对青海西部的降温贡献大于青海东部。冷气团的个别变化项对降温也有一定贡献,对东部和西部的贡献基本相等。非绝热项对西部起增温作用,对东部的温度变化没有作用。(4)由强冷空气引起的寒潮天气过程中,温度平流变化和对流变化对降温起主导作用,过程前期应关注温度平流变化的影响,过程结束时应关注对流变化。个别变化项的影响程度依赖于冷空气强度和冷气团变性程度。非绝热项的影响决定于大气中发生相态变化的水汽含量,对温度变化有约束效应。     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

Relationship between Polyamines and Other Cold‐induced Response Mechanisms in Different Cereal Species

To find a connection between polyamines and various protective effectors involved in the development of cold tolerance, eight different cereal genotypes, including wheat, barley and oat species, were investigated during the acclimation phase to low temperature. Exposure to low temperature induced different changes in the levels of polyamines, and other signalling molecules, such as salicylic acid and abscisic acid, and of other protective compounds, namely flavonols, sugars and antioxidant enzyme activity, and in the lipid composition of certain membrane factions. The most remarkable differences were observed in the oat varieties compared to the other cereal genotypes, which was manifested in the lack of spermidine accumulation and of decrease in trans‐Δ³‐hexadecanoic acid content, in lower initial and not cold‐inducible abscisic acid content and guaiacol peroxidase activity after cold treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that spermidine shows strong positive relationship with flavonols, abscisic acid and ascorbate peroxidase, while was in negative relationship with trans‐Δ³‐hexadecanoic acid. These results suggest that spermidine may have a crucial role in the cold acclimation signalling processes in cereals.     

氮肥、密度对寒地超级稻‘龙粳31’产量的互作效应研究

试验采用单因子和二次正交旋转组合设计,探讨氮肥密度互作对寒地超级稻‘龙粳31’产量、干物质重及产量构成的影响情况。结果表明:产量与氮肥、密度均呈显著的二次曲线关系,同时氮肥密度对产量互作效应明显,中等施氮量和较高密度互作更易获得高产。互作效应下氮肥取135.0 kg/hm2、密度取34.6穴/m2时,产量最高达9948.17 kg/hm2。高氮肥高密度配合,齐穗期干物质重最重,但此时产量却显著下降。高氮肥和高密度配合更容易获得较多穗数;但中等施氮量和较低的密度配合更易获得大穗;氮肥密度与千粒重不存在互作效应。因此科学合理的氮肥、密度相互配合,从而构建合理的群体结构,获得适宜的齐穗期干物质重,才能发挥超级稻的产量潜力。